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Built around 2560 BC as a tomb for Pharaoh Khufu, the Great Pyramid stood as the tallest man-made structure on Earth for over 3,800 years.

Genghis Khan united the warring nomadic tribes of the Mongolian steppe to forge the largest contiguous land empire in history, stretching from the Pacific to the Danube.

Between 1789 and 1799, the French people overthrew the monarchy, executed the king, and experimented with republican government in the most radical political upheaval in modern European history.

The Inca Empire, the largest in the Americas, stretched 4,000 kilometres along the Andes and governed 12 million people through an extraordinary system of roads, storehouses, and administrative centres.

In 1868, Japan ended two and a half centuries of feudal isolation and launched the most dramatic national transformation in modern history, becoming an industrial and military power within a single generation.

Between 1775 and 1783, thirteen British colonies in North America fought and won their independence, founding a republic whose ideals of liberty and self-government would inspire revolutions around the world for the next two centuries.

At its peak in 1920, the British Empire covered a quarter of the world's land surface and governed a quarter of its population, becoming the largest empire in history and reshaping every continent it touched.

Under Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC, the Maurya Empire controlled most of the Indian subcontinent and produced one of the most remarkable transformations in the history of political leadership: a conqueror who renounced war.

Beginning in Britain around 1760, the Industrial Revolution replaced human and animal muscle with steam power and machinery, transforming not just production but the very shape of human society.

The Kingdom of Kush ruled from the Nile's fourth cataract and at its height conquered Egypt itself, producing the 25th Pharaonic Dynasty.

At its zenith under Mansa Musa, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest kingdom on Earth, controlling the world's largest gold and salt trade.

Great Zimbabwe was a medieval stone city that served as the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe between the 11th and 15th centuries, the largest ancient structure in sub-Saharan Africa.